Unary complement (tilde ~) operator in Java

I just started learning programming in Java. I made a program which calculates the complement of an integer

package demo;

public class unaryOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int numOne = 10;
        System.out.println(~numOne);
    }
}

The program runs without any errors but the output is not as expected! The output was -11 but as far as I know, Bitwise complement operator complements all the bits of the number.

10 in decimal is 1010

So, ~10 should be 0101 i.e. 5 in decimal!

I referred some articles but cannot find one which in simple for a novice like me to understand.

Thanks for your time!

>Solution :

Java integers are stored in two’s complement. Assuming (for simplicity) that we’re storing data in one byte, 10 is

00001010

so ~10 is

11110101

If the leading bit of a two’s complement number is 1, then the number is negative, and the exact value of that number is (the negative of) its complement plus one, hence -11. You can read the details of why this format is written the way it is in the linked Wikipedia page.